Metadata: First Registry
Collection
- Country:
- Germany
- Holding institution:
- Emden Municipal Archive
- Holding institution (official language):
- Stadtarchiv Emden
- Postal address:
- Kirchstrasse 18, 26721 Emden
- Phone number:
- +49 4921 87 - 14 01
- Web address:
- https://www.emden.de/kultur/stadtarchiv/
- Reference number:
- I
- Title:
- First Registry
- Title (official language):
- Erste Registratur
- Creator/accumulator:
- Emden City Council
- Date(s):
- 1424/1749
- Date note:
- 1424/1744(1749)
- Language:
- German
- Type of material:
- Textual material
- Physical condition:
- good
- Scope and content:
- The collection includes the following items that are of interest to Jewish history: Offer of a dike construction loan by the Jews Levy and Jonas Goldschmid, 1719 (no. 98); upkeep of the Prussian troops in East Frisia and borrowing loans from the brothers Levy and Jonas Goldschmid, 1723-1724 (no. 100); debt claims of the Oldenburg government council von Varendorff and the Danish Jew Meyer Levy Jacobs (dyke construction loans), 1742 (no. 139); debt claim of the Danish Jew Meyer Levy Jacobs, 1743-1744 (no. 141a; 142); protection letters (Geleitbriefe) for Jews of Emden, 1745 (no. 146); defensive writing of the Jew Berend Beer as a credit intermediary for the former administration against charges of taking advantage and disproportionate profits, 1747 (no. 160 aa 1); activities of the Jew Berend Beer as a credit intermediary of the resigned administration, translation of Beer's personal calendar, written in Hebrew, describing his credit mediation and his role as pawnbroker for members of the princely court (fürstl. Hofstaat) and the upper social circles, 1736-1744 (no. 160 aa 2); protest of the former administrators against the same evaluation of the statements of Jews and Christians as well as the use of the calendar of Berend Beer as evidence and the extension of the investigation to the taxation records, 1747-1748 (no. 160 aa 3); debt claim of the Jew Goldschmidt, 1742 (no. 160x); tolerance of Jews suspected of stealing and usury by the counts of East Frisia, 1584-1588 (no. 161); supplication of the former Jew and convert to the Protestant faith Carl Philip Wilhelm Daniel to the city of Emden over request for support, around 1720 (no. 225b); acquisition of a loan of 2000 Reichstaler from Abraham Goldschmit by the city of Emden to finance the mission (legation) to Vienna, September 1733 (no. 240a); debt of the “Africanische Compagnie“ (“African Company“) to Levy and Jonas Goldschmidt, October 1705 (no. 279c); controversy over the extradition of the Jews accused of burglary Joseph Mangels, Wulf Mangels and Salomon Nathan, ordered by the princely (fürstliche) government, April-June 1744 (no. 285); dispute between the city of Emden and the count and prince (Fürst) of East Frisia about the jurisdiction over Jews, April 1661 - September 1733 (no. 286); mandate of Prince (Fürst) Christian Eberhard on the ban of the entry of foreign Jews to East Frisia due to a plague in Poland and Silesia, 26 January 1708 (no. 292); lawsuit of the baron (Freiherr) P. H. Ripperda of Petkum against the city of Emden for confiscation of an ox of an Emden Jew on the army route, 1712-1718 (no. 300); supplication of a Jewish trader (Hebrew signature) to the city of Emden on the request for a penalty for importing banned Clevian coins, around 1700 (no. 304c); prohibition of trade in soldier's clothing by Jews, December 1665 (no. 313); lawsuit of the grocery guild of the city of Emden against the Jew Jochum Samuel for illicit trade, February 1736 (no. 370); controversy over the Jews Nathan Jacobs and David Lazarus carrying out trade, 1656-1707 (no. 379); lawsuits against Jews for debt, 1599-1712 (no. 386a); expulsion of Jews from Emden, 1599-1615 (no. 395b); supplication to the city of Emden over request for punishment of a Jew because of marriage of the sister of his deceased wife, around 1612 (no. 395d); the Schütten chief‘s chamber (Schütten-Häuptlings-Kammer) urging to punish the Jews Simon Nathan, Moses Moses, and Jacob Samuels for suspicious behaviour at night, 1 March 1622 (no. 399); lists of Jews, Mennonites and Quakers as well as protection money paid by them, 1543-1749 (no. 415); various matters in the context of Jews, et al. protection letters and money, credit transactions, orders etc., 1572-1745 (no. 417); Jewish timber merchants, 1622-1741 (no. 430); purchase of grain for Emden by the Jewish traders Levy and Jonas Goltschmit, May-June 1697 (no. 431b); supplication of the citizens and inhabitants of Emden to the city of Emden on the request to ban the import of cheap foreign yarn and canvas as well as the Jewish trade in both goods, 27 February 1582 (no. 456); agreement between Master van Gargel and the city of Emden on the installation of his bible printing house and permission for the hiring of the Jewish printer Joseph Athias for his knowledge of English as well as assurances of freedom of religion for Athias, around 1680 (no. 457); supplication of the Emden cheese traders to the city of Emden against purchases of cheese in the spring by the Jewish trader Jochum Samuels (with signatures), May 1733 (no. 458/11); admission of the Jewish butcher Simon Joseph for producing distilled beverage (Korn), 1716 (no. 458/12); supplication of the grocery guild to the city of Emden over request for suppression of the retail trade by the Jew Samuel Jacobs, January 1664 (no. 458/14); combating the trade of Jews with herbal (Krüdener/Kräutner) goods by the herbal trade (Krüdener) guild, 1600-1749 (no. 458/15); supplication of the box makers’ guild (Kistenmacher-Amt) to the city of Emden over request for the prohibition of cabinet (Schrank) trade of the Jews, February 1743 (no. 458/20); controversy between the splinters’ guild (Spelder-Amt) and the Jews Aaron Jacobs and Lazarus Aarons for the allowance to trade with needles, June 1733 - August 1736 (no. 458/29); competition between the butcher guild master (Schlachteramtsmeister) and Jewish butchers, around 1655 (no. 458/32); dispute between the tailors’ guild and the Jewish clothing salesman Nathan Salomons over the right to sell textiles, April 1749 (no. 458/35); lawsuit of the shoemakers’ guild against Jews, 1547-1749 (no. 458/38); judicial dispute between Hanss Graves and the Jews Moses Salomons and Jacob Arons because of the "hall fee" (“Hallengeld“), 1706-1714 (no. 463); proposal by B. Isebrandt Friere to set up a loan bank in Emden to break the credit monopoly of the Jews in context of the dispute between the Emden tailors’ guild and Jews over a loan, May 1604 (no. 464); letter from count Hermann of Holstein-Schaumburg to the city of Emden on a request for duty-free passage of a batch of spices and sugar ordered by him and processed (abgewickelt) by the Jew Abraham, August 1587 (no. 469b); letter from the bishop of Münster to the city of Emden on request for free passage of the Jew Abraham Isaac with goods from Holland destined for the bishop, November 1687 (no. 470b); complaints by Emden Jews against the confiscation of their canvas cargoes in Münster, 1689-1743 (no. 476); damage to the duty-paid spice (and other) cargo purchased by the Jew Abraham in Emden and shipped by Herman Stechman to count Hermann of Schaumburg, August 1587 - September 1588 (no. 481a); investigations against Jews for customs offences, 1745, 1749 (no. 481b); overview of the cattle and sheep kept by the Jewish families in Emden for their needs, December 1686 (no. 486c); complaint of the Emden Jews against the increase of protection money (Geleitgeld), February - April 1740 and other cases regarding taxes (no. 488); letter from the city of Rotterdam to the city of Emden on the request of its citizens and Jews Abraham Benedictus and Moses Gossels for tax-free removal of their property from Emden, March 1685 (no. 494); collection of fees for protection letters (Geleitbriefe) for Jews and the fee for the permission of temporary residence of foreign Jews in Emden, September 1748 (no. 498); overview of income from the Mennonite and Jew tax (Mennoniten- und Judengeleit), 1670-1676 (no. 501); bypass of the Emden customs by the Jew Levi Benedix from Norden, 1746-1748 (no. 512); negotiation of a bond of 20,000 Reichstalers from the Jew Israel Juede thom Hues thom Berge through the Jew Simon Simon die Juede, July 1601 (no. 523a); bond of the city Emden from a Jew from Frankfurt/Main, January 1620 (no. 523c); Hermann Eberhard von Sarrega about 1.000 Reichstaler and commissioning the Jew Abraham Goldschmidt with the liquidation of the bond, November 1666 (no. 525b); a change of 5,000 Dutch Gulden for the Jews Levy and Jonas Goldschmid by the city of Emden, September 1724 (no. 527b); bond of the city Emden of 1,860 Reichstaler with the Jewish banker Abraham Goldschmidt, September 1739 (no. 529b); settlement of the bond of Abraham Goldschmidt, 1740-1741 (no. 529d), claim of the Jew Joseph Poujade on a bond share due to debts of one of the Manneel heirs, June 1652 (no. 531); request by the Portuguese Jewish merchant Jacobus del Monte at the East Frisian court for an arrest on Wasaburg's loan for claims against countess Wasaburg, July 1659 - August 1668 (no. 532); loan to the Jew Levi Gumperts, 1635-1751 (no. 542); bond of the Jew Jonas Goldschmid, 1740-1748 (no. 551); overview of debts and outstanding bills and pay claims to the Oberemsische Deichacht (with names of Jewish creditors), 1711 (no. 561b); letter of the widow of the Jew Jonas Goldschmit to the Niederemsische Deichacht about request for the repayment of the loan of her deceased husband, January - May 1748 (no. 573b); bond of the Jew Levy Goldschmidt for 5,000 Gulden as a contribution to the repair of the dikes at the Lower and Upper Ems, May 1719 (no. 576); a backward dike (rückständiger Deichschoß) on the property of the Emden Jew Jochum Samuel, 1744-1750 (no. 602); supplication of the Jew Marcus Nathan to the city of Emden on request for extension of his protection letter (Geleitbrief), February 1659 (no. 667b); report of the magistrate Wallendorph about a visit of the Jewish house [Judenhaus = building of the Jewish congregation or the synagogue?], February 1726 (no. 672c); dispute between the tailors’ guild (Schneideramt) of Oldersum and the Jews in Goedens regarding the selling of sheets, November 1658, and other cases (no. 674); pregnancy of a girl by 17-year-old Jew Samson in Oldersum, October 1664 (no. 675a); letter from the provost and dean of the diocese of Münster to the city of Emden about a call for the confiscation of the estate of the Jew Israel to secure the inheritance rights of the Münster Jews Moses and Abraham, July 1587 (no. 738a); letter from state commander Pieter van Luvberden to the city of Emden over request for legal assistance for his Jewish soldiers Moses and Levy in their lawsuit with the Emden Jew “Symon the Jew“ (Symon den Juden), December 1596 (no. 740); order of count Ulrich II to the city of Emden to deliver a golden chain and other goods acquired by the Jew Magnus Meyer from Norden for the wedding of the count's sister from the rescued cargo of a ship from Emden, captured by Dunkirk pirates, May 1632 (no. 745b); supplication of the Jewish trader Jacob Jochums to the city of Emden on a request for intervening against the city of Amsterdam confiscating his cargo of cheese and salt beef at the instigation of a Jewish person, April 1660 (no. 748a); supplication of the Jewish trader Hartoch Josefs to the city of Emden on request for legal aid for the recovery of a silver device stolen from him and sold in Bremen, August 1668 (no. 748b); embezzlement of goods of Johann Abelius from Groningen worth 600 Carolus-Gulden by the Jew Levy Benjamins, May 1680 (no. 749a); debt claim of the Amsterdam merchant Hermannus Uraves against the Emden Jew Moses Simons, August 1703 (no. 750a); debt claims against and from Jews, 1704-1707 (no. 750b); claim of debt of the Amsterdam Jew Hermannus Isaacs against the Emden Jews Moses Simons and his son and legal successor Simon Moses over 750 Gulden from a load of four barrels of tobacco, February 1708 (no. 751a); claim for debt of the Jew Levy Meyer from Jever against his Emden fellow Jews Jacob and Jonas Goldschmid over 1,250 Reichstaler, October - December 1717 (no. 751b); the fight of parents against the adoption of the Reformed denomination by their son the Groningen Jew Juda Jacobs for his marriage of a reformed person, October 1725 (no. 752b); a dispute between Agnes de Villepher and the Emden Jew Jonas over pawnbroking, October 1625 (no. 744); supplication of the lawyer of the Jew Levy Goldschmidt Stadthagen to the city of Emden on request for intervention in Amsterdam to end the confiscation of the inherited paternal house because of local debt claims, September 1744 (no. 755a); execution of the judgment of the East Frisian court in the case of the administrator H. Groenewold against the Emden Jew Hartog Goldschmidt, February 1748 (no. 755b); pledge of a brewing kettle rented by the widow of Berendt Berendts to the Jew Jonas in Faldern by the tenant Hinrich Gauseborg, October 1616 (no. 756a); letter from the city of Groningen to the city of Emden on request for help in restitution of the silver device stolen by Johan Luerts and sold to a Jew in Emden by Annetje Tammen in Groningen, April 1646 (no. 756b); criminal cases, also in connection with Jewish persons, including a divorce of the former Jew and convert to Christianity Abraham Meyer, baptised with the name Karl Christian, from his wife Rose Meyer who remained Jewish, July 1692 (no. 757); court (Niedergericht) to the city of Emden over request to increase the process fees for loss of income by delegating the Jewish cases of the lawsuit to the rabbi of the Jewish congregation, April 1748 (no. 781); lawsuit of the Emden timber broker against the competition by the Jew Lazarus Salomons, July 1703 (no. 792); obligation of the Jews to obey the elders of the Jewish congregation appointed by the city of Emden, September 1733 (no. 863a); controversy between the Jew Hartog Goldschmid and the state (Staatischen) captain lieutenant Gockinga for correct execution of his order on dispatch of 14 Reichstaler to a recipient in Jena, July - August 1734 (no. 882); investigations against the soldiers Tilmans and Wessels for stealing and selling the stolen goods to Jews, February - April 1742 (no. 897); parliament file, including: demand of the expulsion of the Jews because of an increase of usury, 1571-1590 (no. 910a); lawsuit of Hartog Goldschmid as guardian of the children of his deceased brother Abraham Goldschmid against Peter Haycken Schwart on charges of debt, March - October 1741 (no. 934); debt of the city of Emden with the Jews Jacob and Michael of 90 Gulden against 8% annual interest, February 1603 (no. 946); the city of Emden prohibiting joint slaughter of Jewish butchers for alleviating the evasion of meat excise, July 1741 (no. 982i); claim for debt of the Jewish merchant Jacob del Monte, who lives in Amsterdam, from the Emden bond acquired by him of the countess of Wasaburg, January 1661 - February 1668 (no. 982j); request of the Hanseatic City of Bremen for legal assistance for one of its citizens because of his debt claim against the Emden Jew Moses Goldschmidt, April 1730 (no. 984c); certificate of good faith (Leumundszeugnis) for the Varel Jew Hartog Arens because of his desire to settle in Emden, August 1732 (no. 988); directory of names including of Jews with the amount of their voluntary donation, figures detailed by “Compagnien“ (districts), 1676-1677 (no. 996a).
- Archival history:
-
At the beginning of his activity in the 1950s Wolfgang Schöningh, museum director and city archivist, presented a first registry with the files of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries until the institution of the Prussian administration in 1744. The first registry therefore originated from the oldest documents of the city of Emden. The extant documents of the late Middle Ages, mostly written on parchment, were kept in chests or boxes. With the introduction of the paper as a writing material and the increasing differentiation of the city administration, the number of written documents increased. At the end of the 16th century, there was already a municipal writing room, which was in charge of writing documents and maintaining the registry. It tried to master the accumulating mass of written material by forming the documents into official books and correspondence series. Since the 16th century, the Emden registrars also applied the official principles of order to paper-based invoices, records and registers. Another form of organisation was the correspondence series file. A correspondence series arises either on the basis of an input of the individual citizen to the mayor and council ("supplication") or on the basis of a directive from the mayor and the council to solve a problem (mandate or resolution). The registrar merged all documents relating to a problem into one file. Since he did so according to the chronology, no self-contained processes emerged. The organisation of the registry in Emden was a problem for the administration early on. In the 16th and 17th centuries, complaints of clutter accumulate. Around 1785, the city of Emden commissioned the registrar Scipio Nellner with the order of their older registry. Through his work of order, Nellner created the basis of today's first registry in the Municipal Archive Emden. The most important aspect of his work was the title formation. He tried to capture as many contextual aspects as possible in the title. This resulted in very disjointed and nested titles that are difficult for most users to understand. The order followed the 18th century common pertinence principle. However, Nellner followed his own theme codex, which was appropriate at his time. The first registry became part of a council archive that was only accessible for a specialist audience until the 1930s. In 1934, Dr Louis Hahn became a paid archivist. Under his aegis, a systematic catalogue of the first registry as part of a "council archive" (Ratsarchiv) was carried out. The outbreak of the Second World War endangered the Emden archive holdings, for Emden was already a strategic bomber target at the outbreak of the war. Its location in the extreme northwest of Germany made the city accessible to twin-engine English bombers. This situation forced the removal of valuable cultural assets, including the holdings of the municipal archives. After the first heavy air raids in January 1941, the inventory of the first registry was moved to what was then Prussian State Archives in Aurich. Here it survived the Second World War. Shortly after the end of the war, the remaining Emden archive holdings, which had been stored in a salt mine near Braunschweig, returned to Emden. At the insistence of the archive's administration in Aurich the first registry was also brought back. The city of Emden decided in 1947 to give its archival holdings into the care of the Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer (Society of Fine Arts and Local Antiquities). In the 1950s, Wolfgang Schöningh reorganised the archive holdings. He had taken over the post of the first city archivist after the war. Under his supervision, a new finding aid was created for the inventory of the first registry, which still closely followed Nellner's principle of order. He took over his titles without compromise.
General history of the Municipal Archive: In its beginnings, the Municipal Archive Emden dates back to the collection of municipal documents and privileges, which were kept in the secretory chamber of the old town hall in the 16th century. During the tenure of city alderman Johannes Althusius, the archive was of particular importance in the 17th century, as it was the source of his arguments in his fight for the political independence of Emden. In this context the first file directory of the Municipal Archive was created in 1618. The location of the archive was from 1576 to 1942 the town hall at Delft. After the transition of Emden to Prussia in 1744 and the extinction of some of the existing city rights Emden's archive lost its previous importance as an "arsenal" in the struggle for the independence of the city and was redesigned after Prussian model. In the years 1763-1794 the archive was managed by the registrar Scipio Nellner, who created further extensive file directories. The files of the Dutch-French reign were arranged and listed by his successor in the system of the French decimal classification. In the years of Hannover's rule, the Municipal Archive fell into disarray, so that in 1859 the archive provided "the picture of a complete confusion for which the memory of two persons provided the only key." In 1861, therefore, at the instigation of the Hannover district administration (Landdrostei) in Aurich the registrar Ernst August Gebest took over the management of the archive. This brought the extensive stocks back in order. Gebest kept the line until the year 1914. In the years 1934-1945, under National Socialist rule, Dr Louis Hahn became the archive's head after it had been orphaned for 20 years. He brought the archive into a new order. In the years 1939-1945 the archival material was outsourced several times in different places, whereby the largest part of the file directories as well as a multiplicity of the files got lost. The municipal archive's location in the old town hall at the Delft got lost in the bombing of September 6, 1944, when Emden's city center was destroyed in flames by 90 %. In 1952, the director of the Museum of the East Frisian Land (“Ostfriesisches Landesmuseum“) Wolfgang Schöningh was entrusted with the reorganisation, order and distortion of the archive and created several directories. Since 1962 the archive has been stored in two magazine rooms of the museum. In the years 1967-1997 the Municipal Archive was supervised by Dr Helmut Eichhorn. In the years 1995-96 the archive moved from the town hall at the Delft to new, larger premises in the Kirchstrasse. Since then, the archive has been stored in a former World War bunker, which was prepared as a magazine. The sources were housed on shelves that meet modern magazine requirements, the rooms are air-conditioned and there is room for growth. The files were packed in archive boxes and rearranged. Since 2001 Dr Rolf Uphoff heads the Emden Municipal Archive. Since then, an inventory of all stocks has taken place. All archival materials are re-recorded with the help of EDP. Important stocks were filmed and secured against loss through use. Today the archive contains about 500 documents, 150 manuscripts, 8,000 printed publications, 10,000 books and 70,000 files. The meaninig of "Arcinsys Niedersachsen" as an online finding aid for the holdings is continously growing. In 2018 several collections of the archive have already been listed in Arcinsys.
- Administrative/biographical history:
-
From 1464 to 1806 the region East Frisia (Ostfriesland) formed the county of East Frisia, becoming the Principality of East Frisia in 1667. During this time it was a part of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1744 the area fell to Prussia, from 1806 to 1810 it was a part of the Napoleonic satellite state "Kingdom of Holland", from 1810 to 1813 a part of Napoleonic France, until finally from 1815 to 1866 Prussia again became a part of the kingdom of Hannover. With the annexation of Hannover by Prussia, the area was again administered by Prussia and in 1871 also became part of the Prussian-dominated German Empire. This remained the case beyond the time of the Weimar Republic. During National Socialism from 1939 to 1945 it formed part of the so-called “Gau Weser-Ems“. After the Second World War it became in 1946 a part of the newly formed federal state of Lower Saxony in the administrative district Aurich. Since then it has been a part of the Federal Republic of Germany.
The city of Emden already existed as a harbour settlement in the early Middle Ages. Trade was the main factor in the growth and prosperity of the city, making the settlement the largest city in East Frisia. Since 1885 it is district-free. According to a legend, Jews are said to have settled in East Frisia as early as the 14th century, but evidence exists only from the middle of the 16th century for the port cities of the region. In Emden it is attested for the year 1530. From 1842 Emden was the seat of a district rabbinate (“Landrabbinat“). From 1933 on a large part of the East Frisian Jews emigrated, those who remained were persecuted and murdered in the Holocaust. After the Second World War, only 13 Jews returned. They founded a new synagogue association in 1949, which lasted until 1984. Today only a few Jews live in East Frisia; they are part of the Jewish congregation of Oldenburg.
- Access points: persons/families:
- Aarons, Lazarus
- Abelius, Johann
- Arens, Hartog
- Arons, Jacob
- Athias, Joseph
- Beer, Berend
- Benedictus, Abraham
- Benedix, Levi
- Benjamins, Levy
- Berendts, Berendt
- Daniel, Carl Philip Wilhelm
- Friere, B Isebrandt
- Gauseborg, Hinrich
- Gockinga
- Goldschmid, Abraham
- Goldschmid, Jacob
- Goldschmid, Jonas
- Goldschmid, Levy
- Goldschmidt, Abraham
- Goldschmidt, Hartog
- Goldschmidt, Moses
- Goldschmit, Abraham
- Gossels, Moses
- Graves, Hanß
- Groenewold, H
- Gumperts, Levi
- Isaacs, Hermannus
- Isaak, Abraham
- Jacobs, Aaron
- Jacobs, Juda
- Jacobs, Meyer Levy
- Jacobs, Nathan
- Jacobs, Samuel
- Josefs, Hartoch
- Josephs, Simon
- Lazarus, David
- Luerts, Johan
- Luvberden, Pieter van
- Mangels, Joseph
- Mangels, Wulf
- Manneel family
- Meyer, Abraham
- Meyer, Karl Christian
- Meyer, Levy
- Meyer, Magnus
- Meyer, Rose
- Monte, Jacobus del
- Moses, Moses
- Moses, Simon
- Nathan, Simon
- Nathans, Marcus
- Nathans, Salomon
- Poujade, Joseph
- Salomons, Lazarus
- Salomons, Moses
- Salomons, Nathan
- Samson
- Samuels, Jacob
- Samuels, Jochum
- Schwart, Peter Haycken
- Simons, Moses
- Stechman, Herman
- Symon
- Tammen, Annetje
- Tilmans
- Uraves, Hermannus
- Villepher, Agnes de
- Wallendorph
- Wessels
- Subject terms:
- Agriculture
- Antisemitism
- Conversion to Christianity
- Crime
- Expulsion
- Financial matters
- Financial matters--Banks, banking, and bankers
- Financial matters--Debt
- Guilds
- Legal matters
- Ritual slaughter
- Ritual slaughter--Butchers
- Trade and commerce
- Trade and commerce--Clothing and textile trade
- Vital records
- System of arrangement:
- The material is arranged in thematic order.
- Finding aids:
- An online database (Arcinsys) is available. Printed finding aid: “Emden 1490-1749. Quelleninventar der I. Registratur des Stadtarchivs Emden“ (vol. 1, part I and part II, Rolf Uphoff, Oldenburg 2006)
- Links to finding aids:
- https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/start
- Yerusha Network member:
- Institute for the History of German Jews
- Author of the description:
- Matthias Springborn, 2019
